Comparison of United States and Korean dental hygiene students using the Hiroshima university-dental behavioural inventory(HU-DBI)

OBJECTIVE: To compare cross-national differences of dental health behaviour among dental hygiene students. DESIGN: Cross-cultural differences. Setting: United States (USA) and Korea. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six dental hygiene students in USA and 246 in Korea were surveyed using the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) (in English and Korean versions respectively). RESULTS: There were considerable differences in oral health behaviour between USA and Korean dental hygiene students. Of great significance were findings that while only a small proportion of the USA students (1%) reported gum bleeding when they brushed their teeth, 37% of the Korean students did so (P<0.001). Furthermore, only 19% of the Korean students had been told by their dentist that they were performing a high level of plaque control, contrasted with 76% of the USA students. Logistic regression model showed that it was possible to distinguish USA students from Korean peers with a probability of more than 90% by using the HU-DBI. CONCLUSIONS: There were considerable differences in dental health attitudes/behaviour among dental hygiene students in the two countries. The variation in the favourable attitudes/behaviour toward oral health appeared to reflect the students' clinical training experience in Korea.     

化妆品毒理学试验方法的标准比对(Ⅱ)

《化妆品新原料注册备案资料管理规定》对化妆品新原料进行了分类管理,制订了系统、详实的新原料注册/备案资料清单。本文对此进行梳理,并比较了国内外急性经口毒性试验、亚慢性经口毒性试验和慢性毒性/致癌性结合试验标准,对现有的化妆品标准提出意见和建议。     

甘肃红芪和黄芪总多糖含量测定对比

目的:建立甘肃不同产地红芪和黄芪药材中总多糖含量测定的方法,比较不同产地二者总多糖含量,以及不同生长年限(1,2年)对2种药材总多糖含量的影响。方法:以葡萄糖为对照品,采用苯酚-硫酸显色法,在490 nm波长处测定甘肃不同产地红芪和黄芪共28批样品中总多糖含量。结果:葡萄糖在16.5~165μg与吸光度线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),红芪和黄芪平均加样回收率分别为97.43%和100.33%,RSD分别为2.1%和2.3%(n=6)。1年生红芪中总多糖平均质量分数分别为宕昌地区11.45%,武都地区5.96%,陇西地区10.97%,甘肃各地区总平均9.35%;黄芪中总多糖平均质量分数分别为宕昌地区3.69%,武都地区1.93%,陇西地区7.06%,甘肃各地区总平均4.02%;2年生红芪样品中总多糖平均质量分数分别为宕昌地区6.28%,武都地区5.82%,陇西地区6.69%,甘肃各地区总平均6.23%;黄芪中总多糖平均质量分数分别为宕昌地区7.91%,武都地区8.03%,陇西地区7.12%,甘肃各地区总平均7.73%。结论:建立的测定方法简便,准确,重复性好,可用于样品中总多糖含量测定。甘肃省5县,1市区红芪和黄芪在品种及年限对比中均有极显著性差异(P0.01),从多糖含量分析,红芪不适合替代黄芪使用。各地1年生红芪中总多糖含量均高于黄芪,2年生红芪总多糖含量均低于黄芪。红芪以宕昌产较优,且以1年生为最好;黄芪1年生以陇西、岷县较优,2年生以武都较优。     

Staging Systems for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: The Revised International Staging System Shows the Most Differentiation between Groups

The Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) and the International Myeloma Working Group 2014 (IMWG 2014) are newer staging systems used to prognosticate multiple myeloma (MM) outcomes. We hypothesized that these would provide better prognostic differentiation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) compared with ISS. We analyzed the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database from 2008 to 2014 to compare the 3 systems (N?=?628) among newly diagnosed MM patients undergoing upfront autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). The median follow-up of survivors was 48 (range, 3 to 99) months. The R-ISS provided the greatest differentiation between survival curves for each stage (for overall survival [OS], the differentiation was 1.74 using the R-ISS, 1.58 using ISS, and 1.60 using the IMWG 2014) . Univariate analyses at 3 years for OS showed R-ISS I at 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83% to 93%), II at 75% (95% CI, 70% to 80%), and III at 56% (95% CI, 3% to 69%; P < .001). An integrated Brier score function demonstrated the R-ISS had the best prediction for PFS, though all systems had similar prediction for OS. Among available systems, the R-ISS is the most optimal among available prognostic tools for newly diagnosed MM undergoing AHCT. We recommend that serum lactate dehydrogenase and cytogenetic data be performed on every MM patient at diagnosis to allow accurate prognostication.     

Genetic polymorphisms,forensic efficiency and phylogenetic analysis of 15 autosomal STR loci in the Kazak population of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture,northwestern China

Aim: We investigated the frequencies of 15 autosomal STR loci in the Kazak population of the Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture with the aim of expanding the available population information in human genetic databases and for forensic DNA analysis.

Subjects and methods: Genetic polymorphisms of 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci were analysed in 456 individuals of the Kazak population from Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, northwestern China.

Results: A total of 173 alleles at 15 autosomal STR loci were found; the allele frequencies ranged from 0.5022–0.0011. The combined power of discrimination and exclusion statistics for the 15 STR loci were 0.999 999 999 85 and 0.999 998 800 65, respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analysis involving the Ili Uygur population and other relevant populations was carried out. A neighbour-joining tree and multidimensional scaling plot were generated based on Nei’s standard genetic distance.

Conclusions: Results of the population comparison indicated that the Ili Uygur population was most closely related genetically to the Uygur populations from other regions in China. These findings are consistent with the historical and geographic backgrounds of these populations.     

A double-blind,crossover, randomized dose-comparison trial of granisetron for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and emesis in children receiving moderately emetogenic carboplatin-based chemotherapy

Background Granisetron is a safe and effective prophylaxis for nausea and vomiting associated with moderate to highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Few trials have been conducted to determine the optimal effective dose of granisetron in children with cancer. The objective of this report was to compare two doses of granisetron in patients with optic pathway tumors receiving moderately emetogenic doses of carboplatin. Patients and methods In this double-blind, crossover, randomized study, antiemetic efficacy and tolerability of two dose levels (10 and 40 μg/kg) of granisetron in the prevention of acute and delayed nausea/emesis were compared in children and young adults. A total of 18 patients (13 boys) aged 1–23 years (median 7.7 years) treated with a moderately emetogenic dose of carboplatin were randomly assigned to receive either 10 or 40 μg/kg of slow granisetron intravenous (i.v.) infusions at alternating cycles of chemotherapy in a blinded fashion until the end of the study period or until their chemotherapy regimen ended. In this way, the patients acted as their own controls. Results Patients in the granisetron 10 and 40 μg/kg groups received 104 and 121 cycles of chemotherapy, respectively. There was no significant difference in antiemetic efficacy in terms of nausea and emesis between the dose groups in the first 5 days of chemotherapy. The treatment was well tolerated. Conclusion We conclude that granisetron 10 and 40 μg/kg have comparable efficacy in controlling carboplatin-induced acute and delayed nausea/emesis and is well tolerated in children and young adults.     

3种立体定向放射外科技术在不同脑转移瘤个数下的比较

目的:比较HyperArc、容积旋转调强（VMAT）和射波刀（CyberKnife）在单发和多发脑转移瘤（BM）放射治疗中的剂量学差异。方法:将75例脑转移瘤CT图像分成5组（1 BM、4 BM、8 BM、15 BM、20 BM）,分别设计HyperArc、非共面VMAT和CyberKnife这3种不同技术（HA、nCO-VMAT、CK）的计划。分析比较3种计划的剂量学差异,包括靶区适形度指数（CI）、梯度指数（GI）、正常脑组织平均剂量（Brainmean）、机器总跳数（MU）以及出束时间。结果:在1 BM中,HA、nCO-VMAT、CK的GI值（P=0.429）和Brainmean值（P=0.799）接近;HA和nCO-VMAT的CI值接近,优于CK（P<0.001）。在4 BM中,HA、nCO-VMAT、CK的GI值（P=0.334）和Brainmean值（P=0.317）都接近;HA和nCO-VMAT的CI值接近,优于CK（P<0.001）。在8 BM中,HA和nCO-VMAT的CI值接近,优于CK（P<0.001）;HA和CK的GI值接近,优于nCO-VMAT（P<0.001）。在15 BM中,HA的CI值（P<0.001）最优;CK的GI值（P<0.001）最优,HA次之,nCO-VMAT最差;CK的Brainmean值（P<0.001）最优,HA次之,nCO-VMAT最差。在20 BM中,HA的CI值（P<0.001）最优;CK的GI值（P<0.001）最优,HA次之,nCO-VMAT最差。在所有组中HA和nCO-VMAT的MU值都比CK低,CK的出束时间都远大于HA和nCO-VMAT。结论:HA、nCO-VMAT与CK技术都可以降低正常脑组织的剂量,都能取得很好的CI和GI,但HA出束时间短,CK出束时间长。     

Intraindividual comparison of human radial and internal thoracic arteries in vitro and the effect of preoperative calcium blocker therapy

The patency rate of radial artery (RA) conduits is considerably lower than that of internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts and the evidence suggests that this is due to a clinically suspected higher incidence of vasospasm. The aim of this study was, therefore, to compare intraindividually the pharmacological reactivity of RA with that of ITA. Both RA and ITA were taken from the same patients and investigated in parallel. Changes in tone were monitored isometrically on ring preparations from both arteries in organ baths with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 1.25 mm calcium chloride at 1 g passive preload. In intraindividual comparisons maximal receptor-mediated contractile responses to noradrenaline and endothelin-1 and endothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced relaxant responses revealed no differences between both arteries. By contrast, depolarization-induced contractions to potassium chloride (KCl) appeared to be significantly higher in RA than in ITA. Further analysis, however, revealed that this difference was due to preoperative calcium entry blocker (Ca(2+)eB) therapy. Compared with control tissues, maximal responses to KCl were significantly attenuated in the ITA but unchanged in RA when arteries were obtained from patients with preoperative Ca(2+)eB therapy. The present results suggested that functional responses to pharmacological stimuli of both RA and ITA were quite similar. Preoperative Ca(2+)eB therapy, however, attenuated markedly responses to KCl of the ITA leaving those of RA unchanged. These results, demonstrating a lower sensitivity to Ca(2+)eB of RA, therefore suggested that in addition to Ca(2+)eB other classes of drug may be more effective at reducing the propensity of RA conduits to vasospasm.     

Comparison of the mechanical performance of three types of external fixators: linear, circular and hybrid

Different configurations of the Monticelli-Spinelli and Ilizarov external fixation systems were tested to define their mechanical properties. In five configurations the external fixator consisted of rings with tensioned wires (circular), while in one configuration two pairs of the tensioned wires and their correspondent ring were replaced by threaded pins (hybrid). Testing was performed in axial compression, bending and torsion. The results were compared to the characteristics of a selected linear fixator group. Both the circular and the hybrid configurations were non-linear in compression. In bending, circular fixators had a similar pattern in both anteroposterior and oblique loading directions. The bending load-displacement pattern for the hybrid fixators was similar to the linear fixators, higher stiffness in the plane of the pins. Torsion was linear for both circular and hybrid fixators, as for the linear fixators. By combination of wires and pins (hybrid configuration), the mechanical behaviour had characteristics from both linear and circular fixators. It is concluded that the three studied groups own different mechanical performance and can be considered as different types of fixators. While it has been demonstrated that osteogenesis can be achieved independently of the mechanical behaviour of the fixator, this study supports the suggestion that some complications can be related to the mechanical behaviour of the fixator.